E.3b Innate & Learned Behavior-2

1.

The second sonogram contains repeated sections of relatively short alternations between high and low pitches. The first contains slower detentions from a high pitch to a low pitch between sections of very short alternations. The beginning section differs and the second sonogram shows a short dip in pitch in the middle of the section.

 

2.

(a) Sonogram three is similar to sonogram two, But the repeated sections of relatively short alternations are segmented. Other sections are similar, but the fist section is broader.

(b) It is both innate and acquired. The sparrow from sonogram 3 is able to produce the sounds needed for the song, but does not know the pattern. For the sparrow to be able to produce a complete song, it needs other individuals that have acquired this song to sing it. This allows the sparrow to learn the patterns needed to produce the song.

3

(a) Both are similar, and there is a general trend of a beginning section with a steady pitch, and then a desention from a high pitch to a low pitch.

(b) Sonogram V differs with sonograms I and II, but there are some sections where the indivisual in sonogram V show very short alternations between high and low pitch. This is done in both sonograms I and II and show that there is some similarity.

(c) It is more difficult for them to produce the sounds of other species and imitate them completely. Birds probably acquire their songs from their parents and other members of their species surrounding them when they are born. After acquiring, they probably do not change their songs after that.

(d) It is both, as it shows that the birds have the ability to produce sounds that other species of birds use. This shows the innate abilities that birds have. Also it shows that birds learn their calls at a young age hearing their surroundings, when exposed only to calls from another species, they can learn this song and imitate it.

E.3a Innate & Learned Behavior

1. Placing a food source in one of the arms so that the lice can sense the smell of the food

2. All the speces of wood lice seem to get attracted to scents of their own speces

3. The lice must have olfactory sensing receptors that receive the pheromones and other secretions produced by members of their own species. By having a receptor, the wood lice can notice molecules of these secretions in the air. The fact that the scented arm attracted far more lice show support this.

4.

(a) The wood lice are ready for reproduction, and they are attracted to members of their own species to mate. Attraction to mates increase chance of survival for the species.

(b) The wood lice are repelled from the scent of their own species to lessen competition. The competition may be for things such as food and habitat.

 

 

E.1 Stimulus and Response

1. Lassen:82,18

Humboldt: 67, 33

Santa Cruz: 15, 85

 

2 The inland populations come in contact with less slugs, and over the couse of evolution, they did not acquire the genes to make them eat slugs. Costal populations came in contact with more slugs, selecting the genes that induce more slug consumption.

 

3 (i) slug response is inherited. This is seen from the comparison between the lassen and F1 population. Both do not consume slugs. The fact that there is a pattern and is not random shows that there is inheritance of slug consumption.

(ii) Alleles for slug response is recessive. Looking at the Lassen and S. Cruz populations,  Lassen probably has alleles for less consumption of slugs. S.Cruz populations probably have alleles for consumption of slugs. When these two populations are cross bred, the populations show a tendency to not consume slugs. This shows that slug consumption is a recessive allele.

4 Olfactory, as the genes allow the snake to recognize some molecules that the slug gives off into the air

6.5b Neurons & Synapses

1 The discipline of craniometry claim that there might be some differences in the male and female brain that cause differences in how males and females exell in certain areas, such as science, math ,engineering. This claim is based on findings about male and female brains that say that there are differences, chemically and structurally. This means that there  can be differences between the genders in what kinds of areas they are good at.

2 Controlled experiments on differences between women and men. There needs to be controlled, careful considerations if gender really gives way for different mechanisms in disorders such as depression. If there is a difference in the mechanisms, it is a very useful thing to be able to analyze and see what things are needed to fix these disorders, gender specifically.

6.5d Homeostasis: Glucose Regulation

1 The glucose concentration for the indivisual with diabeties is higher at time zero than indivisuals without diabeties.

2 It takes more time for an indivisual with diabeties
to return to the same blood glucose level.

3 It takes more time for glucose levels to start to fall from its peak level when a indivisual has diabeties.

6.5c Homeostasis: Thermoregulation

1 The wind chill is 7.0 MJ/m-2h-1
2  Cool
3 2MJ/h
4 Air temperature has a larger effect on wind chill than wind speed.

6.5a Nervous System

1 The more activity in the Na+/K+ pump, the less concentraton.
it is a negative relationship.

2 0.004

3 Ouabain stops Na/K pumps from functioning. This pump is the main component of nervous transmission. Stopping this will mean that there is no interaction between the nervous tissue. In large mammals the nervous ssystem regulates vital functions in the body, such as circulation and resperation. These functions stopping will mean death.

Defense against infectious disease

1The pH of the skin of neonates is much higher than the pH of adults
2 The skin produces more sweat, as the body develops.  This make the skin more acidic

3 The original pH of a neonates skin is higher than a adults. For adults, the pH is lower, so a basic soap will not change the surface pH too much, but for a neonate with high pH a basic soap can turn the pH too high, damaging the skin.
4 It turns the skin basic.  This makes it more favorable for bacteria than the original environment.

6.1 Digestion

1
2 The stomach and intestines need to contract often so the walls need to be flexible
3 The outer si the longitudinal and the inner is circular
4Mucus, to let the food pass by smoothly
5 It contracts often and it needs a fresh supply of oxigen to sustain its movements
6You need to control the upper part.

Gas Exchange 2

1 Explain why the Oxygen concentration in the albioli is not as high as in fresh air that is inhaled.

Gas exchange occurs immediately, as there is a steep O2 gradient between blood and air. The O2 spontaneously diffuses through the membranes and into the capillaries, so the air observed is not as O2 Rich as the fresh air inhaled.

2a calculate the difference in O2 concentration between air in the alveolus and blood arriving at the alveolus
55

 

b Deduce the process caused by this concentration difference

diffusion of O2 through the membranes

c i Calculate the difference in CO2 concentration between air inhaled and air exhaled

25.3

ii explain this difference

The body uses O2 to produce energy and synthesizes CO2 as a waste product. CO2 is highly concentrated around cells so this diffuses into the blood stream at the capillaries and gets carried around until it reaches the alveolus where there is a steep gradient where CO2 in the air is much lower. The CO2 diffuses through membranes and is exhaled. The air from the alvioli is much more CO2 rich.

d Despite the high concentration of N2 in air in the alvioli, little or none diffuses from the air to the blood. Suggest reasons for this.

N2 has tripple bonds that make it very stable. The bonds cannot be broken by human enzymes. It does not get induced into the bloodstream at the alvioli, as it cannot be introduced into the cell. The gradient is not as large as other substances.